Tolstoy's general characteristics of the characters in the story Prisoner of the Caucasus. Brief description of the work “Prisoner of the Caucasus” by L. N. Tolstoy

Essay 5th grade.

The events of this story by L.N. Tolstoy take place in the Caucasus during the bloody war of conquest under Nicholas I, who sent Russian troops to conquer the Caucasian lands. The plot of the story is simple and clear. The Russian officer Zhilin, who served in the Caucasus, where the war was going on at that time, goes on vacation and on the way is captured by the Tatars. Officer Kostylin, a cowardly and cowardly man, was captured with him. Zhilin escapes from captivity, but unsuccessfully. The secondary escape is successful. Zhilin, pursued by the Tatars, escapes and returns to the military unit. The content of the story consists of the impressions and experiences of the hero. This makes the story emotional and exciting.

The life of the Tatars and the nature of the Caucasus are revealed by the author realistically, through the perception of Zhilin. The Tatars, in Zhilin’s view, are divided into kind, warm-hearted and those who are offended by the Russians and take revenge on them for the murder of relatives and the ruin of villages (old Tatar man). Customs, life, and morals are depicted as the hero perceives them.
Tolstoy carefully wrote out the characters of both heroes, clearly showing how differently they behave in the same circumstances. Zhilin is a modest Russian officer, “although he is not great in stature, he is brave.” He is courageous, brave, straightforward and humane. In his hands, all sorts of things can be done; he knows how to repair a watch and sculpt toys from clay for Dina. Zhilin is contrasted with a contrasting character - his regimental comrade, officer Kostylin. This is an overweight, fat, indecisive and cowardly person. At a difficult moment, when the Tatars attacked the officers on the way, Kostylin abandons his comrade and gallops to the fortress. Having met Kostylin in captivity, Zhilin does not leave his comrade, and during the escape from captivity he even carries him on his back when Kostylin’s legs hurt. Zhilin shows will, courage, and resourcefulness. Kostylin is selfish and extremely passive.
The image of the Tatar girl Dina is remarkable. She is charming, kind, childishly naive. She feels a feeling of compassion and love for Zhilin. Dina stealthily runs to the pit where he is sitting, brings him milk, cakes, and finally arranges an escape. Zhilin is a bright representative of the Russian people, who are characterized by perseverance, breadth of soul, and peacefulness.
The writer clearly sympathizes with the main character. And his last name is appropriate: wiry, strong-willed - that’s what they say about a hardy person. Throughout his work, Tolstoy calls on the reader to respect the customs and traditions of people of all nationalities. The writer claims that there are no “good” and “bad” nationalities, but there are good and bad people, and it doesn’t matter at all what color their eyes, hair and skin are...
The story ends with a touching meeting between Zhilin and the Cossacks and soldiers. The story is distinguished by the features of the historical, everyday and adventure genre. It equally actively influences both the feelings and the consciousness of the child reader. After all, the work depicts military events. The image of a courageous hero is drawn, among the characters there is a girl heroine. The story excites children with its sharp plot and energetically developing events. It is accessible to them with its figurative language and lively dialogue. " Caucasian prisoner"- a highly artistic, truly Russian story.

Comparative characteristics Zilina and Kostylin - heroes of L. N. Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

In the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy introduces us to two Russian officers - Zhilin and Kostylin. The author builds his work on the opposition of these heroes. By showing us how they behave in the same situations, Tolstoy expresses his idea of ​​what a person should be.

At the beginning of the story, the writer brings these characters together. We learn that Zhilin decides to take a dangerous act because he is in a hurry to see his mother, and Kostylin only because “he’s hungry and it’s hot.” The author describes Zilina as follows: “...even though he was short in stature, he was brave.” “And Kostylin is a heavy, fat man, all red, and the sweat just pours from him.” Such a difference in external description is further enhanced by the meaning of the characters' surnames. After all, the surname Zhilin echoes the word “vein,” and the hero can be called a wiry person, that is, strong, strong and resilient. And the surname Kostylin contains the word “crutch”: and indeed, he needs support and support, but he himself cannot do anything.

The writer portrays Zilina as a decisive, but at the same time very prudent person: “We need to go to the mountain, have a look...”. He knows how to assess danger and calculate his strength. In contrast, Kostylin is very frivolous: “What to watch? Let's go forward." Frightened by the Tatars, he behaved like a coward.

Even the characters treat the horse differently. Zhilin calls her “mother”, and Kostylin mercilessly “fries” her with a whip. But the difference in the characters’ characters manifests itself most clearly when they both find themselves in Tatar captivity.

Having been captured, Zhilin immediately shows himself to be brave, strong man, refusing to pay “three thousand coins”: “... being timid with them is worse.” Moreover, feeling sorry for his mother, he deliberately writes the address “wrong” so that the letter does not arrive. Kostylin, on the contrary, writes home several times and asks to send money for ransom.

Zhilin set himself a goal: “I will leave.” He does not waste time, observing the life, everyday life and habits of the Tatars. The hero learned to “understand in their own way,” began to do needlework, make toys, and heal people. With this, he managed to win them over and even won the love of the owner. It is especially touching to read about Zhilin’s friendship with Dina, who saved him in the end. Using the example of this friendship, Tolstoy shows us his rejection of self-interest and enmity between peoples.

And Kostylin “sits in the barn all day long and counts the days until the letter arrives, or sleeps.” Thanks to his intelligence and ingenuity, Zhilin was able to organize an escape and, as a friend, took Kostylin with him. We see that Zhilin bravely endures pain, and “Kostylin keeps falling behind and groaning.” But Zhilin does not abandon him, but carries him on himself.

Finding himself captured for the second time, Zhilin still does not give up and runs. And Kostylin is passively waiting for money and is not looking for a way out at all.

At the end of the story, both heroes were saved. But Kostylin’s actions, his cowardice, weakness, and betrayal towards Zhilin cause condemnation. Only Zhilin deserves respect, because he got out of captivity thanks to his human qualities. Tolstoy has a special sympathy for him, admires his perseverance, fearlessness and sense of humor: “So I went home and got married!” We can say that the writer dedicated his story specifically to Zhilin, because he called it “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” and not “Prisoners of the Caucasus.”

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Officer Kostylin in the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is one of the bright secondary characters.

This article presents a quotation image and characterization of Kostylin in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, a description of the appearance and character of the hero among the Tatars.

The image and characteristics of Kostylin in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” by Tolstoy

Kostylin is a wealthy nobleman:
"...he may be rich..."

"...he wrote a letter home, five thousand coins will be sent..."

Kostylin's appearance:
"...And Kostylin is a heavy, fat man, all red, and the sweat just pours from him...
"...some man is following him, tall, fat, barefoot and ragged; he also has a shoe on his foot..."
“...I climbed into the hole, dug wider so that Kostylin could get through too...” (Kostylin is a plump man)
“...The man was heavy, plump, sweating; and when a cold fog enveloped him in the forest, and his legs were skinned, he became unsweetened...”

Kostylin is a clumsy man:
"...Kostylin also climbed up, but caught a stone with his foot, and it rattled..."

Kostylin is a pampered gentleman. He is not used to difficulties:
“...Kostylin doesn’t say anything, he walks and grunts...”
"... Kostylin went barefoot - even worse: he cut all his legs on the stones and kept falling behind..."
"...Kostylin keeps falling behind and groans..."
"...Whatever you want, but I won't get there - my legs won't move..."

Kostylin is in poor health:
"... Kostylin became completely ill, swollen, and there was aching all over his body; and he kept moaning or sleeping..."

Kostylin is a cowardly person:
"...as soon as I saw the Tatars, I ran as fast as I could towards the fortress..."
"...says to Kostylin. And Kostylin became afraid..."
"...Kostylin fell down in fear. And Zhilin laughs and says..."

Kostylin is an unreliable comrade. He abandons his colleague Zhilin when he is attacked by the Tatars:
"...Well, let's go. Just an agreement - not to leave..."
"...And Kostylin, instead of waiting, just saw the Tatars - he ran as fast as he could towards the fortress..."

Kostylin is a humble person. He comes to terms with the circumstances:
"...your comrade is meek; he wrote a letter home, five thousand coins will be sent..."

While in captivity, Kostylin waits for help from home and does nothing:
"... Kostylin wrote home again, he kept waiting for the money to be sent and was bored. He sits in the barn all day long and counts the days until the letter arrives, or sleeps..."

Kostylin is a pessimist. He does not believe that it is possible to escape from captivity:
"...But how can we escape? We don’t even know the road<...>Yes, and we won’t get there at night..."

Kostylin's story

"...Abdul caught up with him and took him..."

"...let them live in the barn. But you can’t remove the block - they’ll leave..."

“...No,” he says, “it’s obvious that I can’t get out of here. Where will I go when I don’t have the strength to turn around?..”

"...And only a month later they ransomed Kostylin for five thousand. They brought him barely alive..."

Teacher: Aratova G.B., MKOU Andreevskaya Secondary School

Lesson plan for Russian literature in 5th grade (FSES)

Subject:“Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

Target: Give a comparative description of the heroes

Tasks:

1. Teach students how to create an artistic image.

2. Develop comparison skills literary heroes, develop students’ speech activity and their imagination.

3. Raise a competent reader.

Technologies: technology of problem-based learning, dialogue technology, elements of technology for the development of critical thinking

Lesson progress:

Organizational stage

Checking homework

Homework - make a story plan

Motivation for learning activities

1. Work on the epigraph

What historical event is reflected in the story? (Caucasian War)

(47 years old)

War is not a fairy tale about Ivan,

And we don’t gild it...

Boris Pasternak.

Read the epigraph.

Why is war not a fairy tale?

What does “we don’t gild it” mean?

Conclusion:

War is scary, painful, cruel; These are losses, death, crippled destinies, unhealed wounds.

War is the color of ashes, so we do not “gild” it, it cannot be embellished.

For many, war is a test of strength, endurance, and humanity.

What historical event is reflected in the story? (Caucasian War)

Caucasian War 1817 - 1864 (47 years old)- this is the war of the Russian Empire with the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus (Chechens, Dagestanis, Ossetians, Tatars). What people are we talking about in the story? (about the Tatars).

The Caucasian War is the longest war.

The story features two officers. In your opinion, what qualities should an officer have? (the officer is not alien to the concepts of honor, conscience, dignity; he is a brave, courageous, courageous person; he is devoted to his Fatherland).

Do you think both of our heroes have these qualities? Are they different from each other?

How would you formulate the topic of our lesson? (Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin)

What is the goal of our lesson? What should we learn in class? (Learn to compare heroes, understand how two heroes differ)

4. Work on new topic

A). Techniques for compiling characteristics of heroes

What techniques does the author use to characterize the characters in the story?

(portrait, actions of the hero, behavior, characterization of the hero by other characters)

Techniques for compiling characteristics of literary heroes:

External features (portrait);

The hero’s actions, attitude towards other people, his feelings, speech;

Characteristics of the hero by other characters

b). Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin.

- Let's compare Zhilin and Kostylin.

Sometimes it takes years to understand a person, and you and I will try to get to know the heroes in a lesson. The task is not easy, but it is quite solvable.

To compare means to find commonality and differences in their character.

What's in common?

Officers who served in the Caucasus, both were captured, both wrote a letter asking for a ransom to be sent, and took part in the escape.

Of course, these are not character traits, but events, but they are the ones that will help us figure out who the real officer is and real person.

Difference:

I . Portrait

Find a description of the heroes in the text;

What character qualities of the characters do we learn from the description of their appearance?

Zhilin is daring, brave, courageous.

Kostylin is a physically weak person.

Is it possible to limit ourselves to just this technique? (no, there may be a misconception about the hero).

II . "Talking" surname

The author gave Zhilin and Kostylin “speaking” surnames.

Surname Zhilin - from the word lived ( blood vessels, tendons). Our hero is a wiry man. How else can you say it? (lean, strong, hardy).

The surname Kostylin comes from the word crutch. What is a crutch? (a stick that serves as a support when walking for lame people or people with sore legs).

Who is our hero? (weak).

III

- What decision does Zhilin make? Read it. What is characteristic of him? (decisiveness, courage, ability to resist the enemy; he is not timid).

How does Kostylin behave? Read it. What do you think of him? (violated the agreement - not to leave; behaves like a coward and a traitor).

IV . Captured

1. Ransom letter

Why did Zhilin indicate the wrong address in the letter? (he knew that his mother had no money)

Suppose he wrote a letter. Would your mother send money despite her poverty? Yes, because there is nothing higher and stronger in life mother's love.

Zhilin is able to spare the feelings of people close and dear to him.

Kostylin wrote more than one letter because he was a coward and thought only of himself.

2. The internal state of the heroes

While in captivity, Zhilin meets a Tatar girl, Dina. This image is not accidental. "Dina" means "faith" in Arabic.

What does Zhilin believe in? (in his own strength, in luck; he is strong in spirit.)

What does Kostylin believe in? (for ransom)

3. Hero Activities

Handicrafts;

Studying the area as he thinks about escaping;

Communicates with Dina;

He heals the people of the village.

What can you say about him? (master, smart, cunning, resourceful; man of action).

Kostylin:

Inactive and moaning.

Confirm what is said about the heroes with text.

4. Tatar opinion about heroes.

Kostylin - “meek”.

V . Escape

Tell us about it.

How did the heroes behave?

5. Application of knowledge

Fill out the table “Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

Kostylin

General

Officers who served in the Caucasus, both were captured, both wrote a letter asking for a ransom to be sent, and took part in the escape.

Difference

I . Portrait

Daring, hardy, brave.

Physically weak.

II . "Talking" surname

Veins - blood vessels, tendons.

A wiry, hardy, strong man.

A crutch is a stick used to support the lame or people with sore legs when walking.

Weak man.

III . The behavior of the heroes during the attack of the Tatars

Not a timid person, brave, decisive, able to resist the enemy.

I broke the agreement - not to leave; behaves like a coward and a traitor).

IV . Captured

1. Ransom letter

Able to spare the feelings of people close and dear to him.

1. Ransom letter

A coward who thinks only of himself.

2. Internal state

Strong in spirit, believes in luck and his own strength.

1. Internal state

Mentally weak, believes in ransom.

3. Classes

Master, smart, cunning, resourceful; man of action .

3. Classes

Inactive, moaning.

4.Tatar opinion about Zilina

Zhilin won the respect of children and adults: “Korosh Urus”, “dzhigit”.

4. The opinion of the Tatars about Kostylin

Kostylin - “meek”.

V . Escape

Zhilin shows will, courage, resourcefulness, perseverance, and actively fights.

Kostylin is a burden; suffers, shows selfishness, weakness.

6.Information about homework

1. Compose a syncwine in groups (group 1 – Zhilin, group 2 – Kostylin)

2. Imagine that you invited Zhilin and Kostylin to the lesson as participants in the Caucasian War. What could they tell you about? What would you ask them?

7. Summing up the lesson. Reflection

1. Significance of the topic

Do you need to learn to determine the qualities of a person’s character or can you do without it in life?

This is necessary in life to:

Distinguish between good and evil, love and hatred, courage and cowardice;

Do right choice friends;

Understand inner world person.

The most striking are those works in which the main characters are completely different. It is these characters that are the basis of Leo Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus.” The characters are Zhilin and Kostylin. These men have different destinies and characters. The story tells about their life in captivity of the Tatars and their attempt to escape. But the path to freedom is thorny, and in particular because these two officers are the complete opposite of each other.

First meeting of comrades

Events take place during the war for the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia. Officer Zhilin received a letter from his mother. She asks her son to return. Ivan, that’s the man’s name, considers the offer and agrees. It was dangerous to travel alone, so the soldiers walked in a column. The group moved slowly, and the thought that it was better to go alone struck him in the head. As if hearing his thoughts, another officer, Kostylin, invites him to continue the journey together.

The first Zilina and Kostylina are very important for the further development of events. The author does not talk about what he looks like main character, but gives a description of Kostylin. He is a rough, plump man with sweat dripping off him due to the heat. After making sure that he has a loaded weapon and vowing to stick together, Zhilin agrees to the invitation.

Ambush and unexpected betrayal of a friend

The comrades are leaving. The entire path lies through the steppe, where the enemy is clearly visible. But then the road runs between two mountains. At this point a conflict of views arises. In the scene, there is a comparison between Zhilin and Kostylin in terms of their sense of danger.

Two excellent warriors perceive the mountain gorge differently. Zhilin sees a potential threat and is sure that the Turks can ambush behind the rock. Kostylin is ready to move forward, despite the possible risk. Leaving his friend below, Ivan climbs the mountain and sees a group of horsemen. The enemies notice the officer and gallop towards him. Zhilin shouts at Kostylin to pull out his gun. But he, seeing the Tatars, rushes into the fortress.

A comparative description of Zhilin and Kostylin will be incomplete if we do not consider this situation in more detail. The first cared about the safety of both, while the second, under difficult circumstances, thought only about own life. Kostylin left his comrade without a weapon. Ivan fought back for a long time, but the forces were unequal. He was taken prisoner. But already at the Tatars he learns that his unfortunate friend was also ambushed.

Second and unexpected meeting of former friends

The man spent some time in a closed barn. Then he was taken to the house of the Tatars. There they explained to him that the man who captured the soldier sold him to another Tatar. And he, in turn, wants to receive a ransom of 3,000 rubles for Ivan. The officer, without hesitation for a long time, refused and said that he could not afford such an amount. The most he can offer is 500 gold. The last word was firm and unshakable. His comrade is brought into the room.

And the appearance of Zhilin and Kostylin is very different. The second officer is fat, barefoot, exhausted, ragged, with stocks on his feet. Zilina is no better, but the thirst for fight has not yet died out in him. The new owner sets Kostylin as an example and says that he will be accepted for a ransom of 5,000 rubles.

The author shows how humbly he accepts an offer of such a high price. Ivan achieved that the price for his soul would be But still he understands that his mother, who lives on the money that he himself sends to her, would have to sell everything in order to free her son. Therefore, the officer writes the wrong address so that the letter does not arrive. The comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin when establishing the ransom amount indicate that the first officer takes care of his mother, even if he is threatened with death. Kostylin is not worried about how money is raised for his release.

Attempting to escape from the enemy

Time passes. Leo Tolstoy vividly describes the everyday life of Zhilin. A man wins the heart of his owner's daughter when he makes clay dolls for her. He gains respect in the village as a master, and even through cunning - as a doctor. But every night, when the shackles are removed, he digs a passage under the wall. He works during the day, thinking about which direction he should run. The characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin in captivity are completely opposite. Zhilin does not sit still, unlike his comrade. And he sleeps or is sick all the time, waiting for the storm associated with the death of one of the Tatar warriors to pass.

One night Zhilin decides to run away. He also offers this to his cellmate. Kostylin is skeptical about this. He states that they do not know the way and will get lost at night. But the argument that because of the death of a Tatar, they, like Russians, can take revenge, finally convinces him.

Fighting your own abilities

The prisoners act. Trying to get out, the clumsy Kostylin makes a noise. The dogs growled. But the prudent Ivan fed the dogs for a long time. Therefore, they quickly calmed down their commotion. They get out of the village, but the fat man is out of breath and falls behind. He gives up very quickly and asks to leave him.

The comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin are a competition between cowardice and strength. Both are tired. The night is impenetrable, they are forced to go almost by touch. Bad boots rub your feet until they bleed. Kostylin stops and rests over and over again. Subsequently, he becomes exhausted and says that he is unable to continue his journey.

Then his friend pulls him on his back. Because Kostylin screams in pain, they are noticed and tracked down. Before dawn, the comrades were caught and this time thrown into a hole. And there the portrait of Zhilin and Kostylin is opposite. An officer thirsty for freedom is trying to dig a hole, but there is nowhere to put the earth and stones.

More and more often we hear talk from enemies that Russians need to be killed.

Finale and will

The owner's daughter comes to the rescue. She lowers a pole into the hole, along which, with the help of a friend, Zhilin climbs up the mountain. The weak Kostylin remains with the Tatars. He runs away with his legs shackled, but nevertheless gets to his army.

After some time, they pay money for Kostylin. He returns barely alive. This is where the work ends. The author does not say what awaits the characters with the surnames Zhilin and Kostylin next. The heroes have different destinies, the first relied only on their own capabilities, the second waited. They are two poles that are guided different principles and rules. If Zhilin is stubborn, courageous and freedom-loving, then his partner in misfortune is weak, lazy and cowardly.

A wonderful-hearted officer

The main characters of Leo Tolstoy are Zhilin and Kostylin. This story is about two officers. The first fought bravely, the second humbly accepted everything that life had in store for him. Zhilin is characterized by such a trait as care. He thinks about the old mother when they asked for a ransom, worries about the fate of his friend, so he does not leave him in the village of enemies, for the girl who helped him get out of the hole.

She is ordered to hide the pole that she brought so that Zhilin can rise. His heart is full of kindness and love. The officer fell in love with the simple, peaceful people of the Tatars. Therefore, it makes their life easier in every possible way. He is a symbol of everything bright and sincere in the work.

Kostylin - hero or anti-hero?

Kostylin is often considered a negative hero. He abandoned his comrade in trouble, distinguished himself by laziness and weakness, and brought danger to both of them. There is nothing to say about the cowardice of a man, because every now and then helplessness is manifested in his actions.

But is Kostylin really as weak in his soul as he is on the outside? Somewhere deep in his heart he is brave and strong. Although some of this borders on unreasonableness. It was he who suggested that his comrade separate from the group and gallop first. He was also ready to walk between the mountains without even making sure whether it was safe there. No less courage was needed to decide to escape, which he had not planned and for which he was not prepared either physically or mentally.

The characterization of Zhilin and Kostylin is an analysis of two opposing types of courage. But Kostylin showed more courage when he refused to repeat the escape attempt. Moreover, as best I could, I helped my friend get out of the hole. He understood all his weakness and did not dare to set his comrade up again. It is in such actions that the secret of his essence lies.