Modular origami swan with a bushy tail. We make a swan out of paper using the origami technique. Big swan from children's hands

A little offline on the Entrepreneurial Man's blog. What should a webmaster do on long winter evenings while waiting for the next SERP update? Can be mastered modular origami and make beautiful things out of paper. With this article I decided to support my previous note, in which it was proposed from A4 sheet without glue and scissors. Otherwise, she’s the only one on my site. We need to support it with a feature article. The envelope is made using the usual classic origami - the art of folding figures and paper products. In this article we will look at a more complex modular origami technology for creating volumetric model swan

The essence of modular origami lies in the modules :-). The models are assembled from triangle modules, which are made from 1/8 of an A4 sheet. First you need to make blanks by cutting the sheet into eight parts. To make it more convenient to cut the sheet, you should bend it three times and make cuts along the folds.

It is not necessary to cut very evenly; small irregularities will subsequently be hidden during the manufacture of the module. I had already worked in the modular origami technique and can fold triangles, so I immediately cut required quantity paper.

Pretty simple steps. For a high-quality model, you will need to make a lot of triangle modules. Fortunately, after the 50-100th module you will be able to do them with your eyes closed. And you can combine this tedious process, for example, with watching TV or talking with your loved ones and relatives. Less than a week later I made over 1000 modules.

The modules are connected into a workpiece as follows:

I advise you not to insert the modules into each other too much, otherwise the workpiece will be too flat, and you will have to assemble it first. A swan has inner and outer wings. For the outer wings I used 25 modules in one row.

Top view of a workpiece of five rows:

Bottom view:

We continue the assembly until about 10 rows, and then divide the row into zones. 4 modules for the neck, 8 modules for the wings and 5 modules for the tail. For the wings on one side, we reduce by one (more precisely by half a module) the number of modules in each new row. This way we get another 14-15 rows.

Small inner wings are made in the same way. Only they don’t need to leave room for the neck and tail. I placed 16 modules in a row, 8 on each wing.

Small wings - front view:

Top rear view:

Next we need to make the body of a white swan. The scheme for connecting the modules remains the same, only we almost immediately (from about the third row) begin to reduce the number of modules in each new row.

Top view:

Bottom view:

Now we have all three module parts of the double swan ready. You can insert them into each other. The parts fit tightly and stay in place well even without glue.

To decorate the swan, it is advisable to make the outer modules from colored paper. But where will such a rogue as Seorubl get houses? colored paper? That's right, I don't have one. I had to go out into the area and catch a couple of kindergarteners in order to borrow colored pencils from them for a while. I was too lazy to paint the border modules, so I limited myself to the eyes and beak. The result was a cute white swan. We make two such models and get origami swans for a wedding.

Another photo, front view of the assembled swan:

A close-up overhead view of the double swan so you can see the details of how the modules are connected. Pay attention to the neck, where the modules turn in the opposite direction.

Little swan modular origami

I still have a few modules left, and I decided to make an additional small winch out of them.

Both swans in one photo:

I don’t know about you, but I really liked modular origami. The swans turn out wonderful. It was not in vain that I spent several evenings of my life mastering this technique.

It took about 135 sheets of A4 paper to make the swans. At the same time, I took “dirty” paper, on one side there was already text printed on it. The method of folding triangles presented in the article allows you to reuse, for example, damaged or currently irrelevant documents. Such “material” can be easily found in any office with paper document flow.

Yes, another interesting picture from the Photoshop masters:

Take care of nature, give joy to yourself and your loved ones, make a swan out of paper. And don’t forget to subscribe to blog updates, there are many more interesting things ahead.

In this lesson you will learn what modular origami is and will be presented with an assembly diagram for a double swan, which you can assemble with your own hands.

Modular Origami – Double Swan

Is it possible to make a memorable one without spending a significant amount of money or without having any special skills? Many will say no. But the master class presented in this article once again confirms the truth of life: nothing is impossible! With it, you can make a truly wonderful and wonderful gift with your own hands. And not just a gift, but a real small masterpiece that will take its rightful place in the house of the future owner and will leave this day in the memory for a long time.

All you need for this is a small stack of sheets of ordinary paper in the popular A4 format and patience, with the latter component being the decisive one. But, let's talk about everything in order.

So, as has already become known, our gift will be a paper swan. But how to make it, and using what technology, you ask? And everything is very simple. It will have to be assembled from small components - modules, and this technology is called “modular origami”.

Modular origami- a fascinating way of creating, which first appeared in China, and is based on assembling various figures from large quantity identical parts (modules). There are modules different types, however, the classic version is usually used (as in our case) - triangular. They are made according to certain rules that allow them to be connected by nesting one into the other. The resulting frictional force prevents the modules from falling apart, making the overall structure strong, and, at the same time, flexible and elastic.

To get a classic triangular module, you need to cut the A4 sheet into 32 equal parts. This can be done by methodically bending the sheet in half and cutting it along the fold line with a stationery or any other sharply sharpened knife. Now that the “material” for the origami module is ready, we begin its actual production. You can see this process in detail here:

Now that we’ve figured out how to make the modules, let’s proceed directly to making the paper swan itself. Here's what the finished figure looks like:

And here’s what the material it will consist of looks like:

Yes, it’s not for nothing that we mentioned patience at the beginning of the article. To make such a large pile of modules you will need quite a bit of it. But at the same time, it is not necessary to make all origami modules at once. You can stretch the process over several days or weeks. And if you have family and friends who are ready to help, invite them to work for a common cause. After all, working together is much more effective. In addition, such an activity will even be useful for children, since it develops certain skills, perseverance and hand motor skills. Turn the module creation process into fun game, and time will fly by!

As you can see, to create a swan you will need a total of 1502 modules. If you want to make it white, they will all be made of white paper. But you can experiment with color. For example, in the swan indicated in the master class, 1322 white and 180 pink modules were used.

Well, if you finally decided on the feat and completed 1502 modules, you can start the fun part! We begin the process of assembling origami from paper modules. Let's break it down into several successive stages.

1. Connect 2 modules in this way:

3. We continue to add rows of modules. Made 5 rows.


4. Made 10 rows. In the process, we bend the workpiece slightly inward, giving our base a more slender appearance.

5. Add 5 more rows and stop, continuing to bend and stretch the workpiece, so that later our swan will be slender and well-fed.

6. Now that 15 rows have been assembled, let's start creating the neck, tail and wings. It will take 6 modules for the neck, 4 for the tail, and 10 for the wings. Let's start with the neck.

7. Assembled the neck.

8. We begin to collect the ponytail exactly opposite the neck.

9. Let's move on to the wings. The first row of each wing consists of 10 modules.

10. We begin to make the second row. Here, from the tail side, you need to put on the module as shown in the figure below.

11. We continue to dress the modules in the same way, spending 10 pieces on each row.

12. Gradually raise the wings of our swan to 10 rows. We make both wings at the same time, making sure that the height of each row is at approximately the same level.

13. When raised by 10 rows, for each subsequent one we spend 1 module less.

14. The result should be a product like this, consisting of 770 modules. The lion's share of the work has been done, for which we congratulate you.

15. For the stability of the structure, we will make a stand. We place the modules on glue, and try to do it evenly, so that our swan can subsequently stand firmly on its “legs”.

16. When the first row is dry, glue the second one.

17. Let's move on to the second component of our gift - the inner wings. We begin to follow a similar scenario, only there will now be 20 modules in a row.

18. We make 7 rows, pulling the workpiece in parallel.

19. We begin to raise our wings. We will allocate 10 modules for each.

20. Raise by 3 rows, as shown in the picture.

21. After this, we begin to reduce each subsequent row by 1 module.

22. The end result is inner wings like these!

23. We begin work on the third component. The scheme is the same, but there are now 12 modules in a row.

24. Raised 6 rows.

25. In the 7th row we use 1 module less, thereby dividing it into two parts, and after that we reduce each subsequent row by 1 module.

26. The final insert is ready!

27. Now that all the components are done, let's start putting them together.

28. If the inner wings are difficult to insert, insert them slowly, gradually expanding the seat at the base.

29. The third insert may also not fit smoothly, push it in gradually. If that doesn't work, you can put it on glue.

30. With a neck, you have a lot of wiggle room. We recommend starting to assemble it with 3 or 4 modules. Their number may differ here - you choose the degree of cervical bend yourself. You can also put the first few “base” rows on glue to prevent the possibility of this part breaking off.

Well, that's it! The swan is ready!

If desired, you can decorate it. But you shouldn’t be too zealous in this matter. A few ribbons, a bow and a minimum of other decorations. Although even without all this, your swan will look great, believe me!

Give to your loved ones good gifts. And what could be better than handmade work, which has always been valued and will be valued the most? After all, after all, a piece of your soul and efforts is invested in it!

No less interesting articles:

And here is a video on this topic:

Origami is considered one of the most ancient eastern trends that have gained new life. Constant improvement allows us to significantly expand the expressive capabilities of art to create a masterpiece from a simple sheet of paper.

One of the common images for embodiment is a swan. This bird has become a symbol of purity, fidelity and perfection. And it’s worth considering how to properly make an origami swan.


Swan diagram in classic style

To do simple origami swan for beginners in the traditional style, you will need a square sheet of paper. Then you need to perform a series of simple steps:

  • first the sheet needs to be folded diagonally;
  • after that it must be deployed;
  • the result of these actions will be a straight line;
  • now you need to fold the bottom edges parallel to the diagonal;
  • at the next stage you need to turn the workpiece over and repeat the previous operation;
  • the body and tail of the swan are ready;
  • now you need to make a transverse fold to get the bird’s neck;
  • bending the smaller corner again, we get the head of a swan;
  • All that remains is to bend the work in half again and adjust the head a little.

To make the figure stable, you will need to slightly straighten some of the folds. And the beautiful origami swan is ready.


Manufacturing of modules

The diagrams and instructions on how to make origami from modules look a little more complicated. However, this method allows you to create more complex shapes that combine several colors. Therefore, it makes sense to master this technique.

First of all, you need to learn how to make blanks for modules. A4 office paper will be sufficient as material. The size of the blanks will depend on the size of the craft. For a figure of small modules, an A4 sheet will need to be divided into 32 rectangles measuring 3.7x5.3 cm.

To obtain larger elements, you will need to divide the sheet into 16 rectangles of 5.3x7.4 cm format. Each of them needs to be shaped using the following steps:

  • first you need to bend the workpiece in half horizontally;
  • the next fold must be made vertically;
  • now you need to unbend the rectangle to the previous position;
  • and the edges need to be folded towards the vertical fold;
  • turning the workpiece over, you need to bend the protruding corners to obtain a small gap;
  • the edges need to be lifted and folded vertically.

Having understood the module manufacturing scheme, you can master the master class on origami swan. To obtain a standard figure you will need 459 modules.

For a monochromatic craft, they can all be made from white paper, diluting the composition with one red element. For a colorful bird you will need modules of all colors of the rainbow.

Making a three-dimensional swan

The complexity of this work lies in connecting the elements without using any fixing compound. You can complete a modular origami swan in several stages. First, the first 3 blanks are taken. They need to be folded so that one side of two modules ends up in the pocket of the third. Two more elements are added to the resulting structure using the same method.


The operation is repeated until the circle is closed. While working, you should hold the already folded elements so that the craft does not fall apart.

The next row of modules is put on top of the previous one in a checkerboard pattern. As a result, the resulting circle will become wider and wider. And thus you will need to make 2 more circles.

Turning the resulting structure in the opposite direction will be the most difficult, but necessary part of the work. After this, new modules will be connected from above. After completing one more circle, the swan's body will be ready.

Now you have to perform rows with intervals. The filled parts will gradually take on the shape of wings, and the resulting voids will contain the head and tail.

The rows representing the wings are made with decreasing elements on both sides at each level until their number is reduced to two. The tail is done in a similar way.


To make the neck, you need to put the corners of each module into the pocket of the previous one. You need to start with the red element, which will represent the bird's beak.

As you work, you should immediately form the desired curve of the neck. To secure the resulting structure to the body, you will need 2 needles.

Looking at the photo of the origami swan, you can understand that to complete the work, all that remains is to make a stand. It consists of two circles, the principle of which is similar to the neck of a swan. First, the resulting parts need to be glued together, and then the finished figure must be attached to them.

To summarize: the capabilities of the origami technique allow you to create figures of any degree of complexity. This requires desire, time and perseverance. The result will be original craft, capable of decorating a home. Or become a gift to a close friend.

Photo of origami swans

Modular origami is a technique that allows you to make amazingly beautiful three-dimensional figures from paper. The difference between this technique and classic origami is that to create crafts, not one, but several sheets of paper are used, from which modules are made, which, in turn, are folded to form the desired shape.

One of the striking examples of the technique is a swan made of triangular modules. As a result of simple but rather painstaking work, you can get a beautiful bird. Depending on what color paper you have at your disposal, you can make a white or colored rainbow swan from modules.

Looking at the photographs of the finished figures, it is even theoretically difficult to imagine how to make a swan from modules - it seems to be very difficult and intricate. In fact, there is nothing complicated in making figurines; you just need to study in detail the master class on making a swan from modules with an assembly diagram and consistently follow the steps described there.

We present to your attention detailed guide, consisting of two stages - manufacturing of components and assembly of the finished product.

How to make a swan from modules?

First you need to make modules. To do this, you will only need sheets of regular xerox paper, white or colored, depending on what you want to get as a result.

Work progress:

  1. Fold a sheet of A4 paper in half widthwise.
  2. Fold it in half again.
  3. And fold it in half again.
  4. Unfold and turn over so that the fold lines are vertical.
  5. Fold the sheet in half again, but in a different direction.
  6. And fold it in half again.
  7. Unfold and cut or tear the sheet along the fold lines so that you get 32 ​​rectangles.
  8. We take one of the rectangles and start making the module.
  9. Bend in half.
  10. Now we bend across the first fold line.
  11. Unfold and fold the bottom corners inward towards each other.
  12. Fold the top corners as shown in the photo.
  13. Now bend the top part down so that you end up with a triangle.
  14. Fold the resulting triangle in half.
  15. We repeat similar steps with other paper rectangles.
  16. We got a triangular module with a pocket so that we could insert another one into it.

How many modules are needed for a swan?

The number of blanks directly depends on the assembly scheme and the size of the future bird. For example, the assembly diagram below uses 458 white triangles and one red triangle. By reducing their number and simplifying assembly, you can get little swan from modules.

Assembling a swan from triangular modules

  1. We arrange the three modules in the order shown in the picture.
  2. We insert the corners of the two upper modules into the pocket of the lower one.
  3. Similarly, we attach two more triangles to the structure.
  4. We insert 3 pairs of triangles into the outer modules.
  5. Then we proceed in the same way.
  6. Using 30 modules, we get this design.
  7. Add 3 more rows, a total of 5 rows of modules should be obtained.
  8. Pressing the structure in the middle, we turn it inside out.
  9. We bend the edges up so that the bowl looks like in the picture.
  10. Bottom view of the structure.
  11. Using the same principle as before, we put on the 6th and 7th row of modules.
  12. Starting from the 8th row, we begin to construct the swan’s wings. To do this, we put on 8 side by side 12 modules, skip 2 and attach 12 more. In the place where 2 triangles are missing there will be a neck, on the remaining section of the 7th row there will be a swan’s tail.
  13. In the 9th row, we reduce each swan wing by 1 triangle.
  14. We continue further, decreasing the wings by 1 with each row until one module remains.
  15. We make a tail, similarly reducing the row by 1 module.
  16. For the neck and head we take 19 white and 1 red module in which we glue the corners together to form a beak.
  17. We begin to assemble the neck, putting the corners of one module into the pockets of another.
  18. We bend the structure with a crochet hook.
  19. The final step is to insert the neck into the gap between the swan’s wings.
  20. The swan made from paper modules is ready.

You can make other crafts from the modules, for example,

The swan is a beautiful and noble bird, with which many legends and tales are associated. A symbol of immaculate beauty, purity and inspiration. The house was often decorated with the image of this bird, in the hope of attracting love, wealth and family happiness. Using the origami technique, you can create a swan figure with your own hands at home. Thanks to its unique appearance, an origami paper swan will harmoniously fit into the interior of your apartment or serve as an unforgettable gift.

There are many ways to make an origami paper swan. They all differ in complexity, amount of material used or appearance finished product. Tables at weddings and birthdays are served with simple figurines of birds made from napkins. Many simple options can be made with children in classes at kindergarten or during labor lessons in the classroom. Children enjoy making products in the form of cranes and peacocks. Crafts made using modules will be labor-intensive, but beautiful.

In this version of paper origami, a swan, the step-by-step assembly of which requires painstaking work, will look impressive and unique.

You can read about how to make a swan from origami paper in this article. In it you will become familiar with detailed instructions and work plans.

Option for the little ones

Parents can make such a figurine for their child to visualize animals. It is also suitable as a Christmas tree decoration or a decorative element for scrapbooking.

This craft can be done by children younger age or just starting to practice this hobby.

Materials:

  • A sheet of paper in the shape of a square (you can take white stickers).
  • Scissors.
  • Black and red pencils.
  • Glue or stapler.

Instructions:

  1. Fold the sheet in half diagonally.
  2. Using scissors, make small cuts along two sides of the resulting triangle. This will create "feathers".
  3. Draw a line for the neck and head along the long base and cut along it symmetrically.
  4. We unfold the workpiece, connect the upper and lower corners, fix them with glue or a stapler, leaving the head free.
  5. We draw eyes and a beak on the head - the bird is ready.

There are many more types of paper origami swan, including patterns for beginners. Many step-by-step instructions describe the process of making paper bird figures step by step.

You can find the option that suits you with pictures illustrating the entire manufacturing process. A detailed presentation and commentary on actions in video materials will help you understand the sequence and nuances of the model’s execution.

Origami swan from a napkin

You can create an origami swan not only from paper using step by step instructions. A neat swan figurine made from a napkin will help you decorate the table before a big celebration and impress your guests. This serving detail will not go unnoticed and will emphasize the triumph of the moment.

To make it you will need square napkin medium size.

Instructions:

  • The napkin should lie in front of you with an angle down. Mark a vertical center line using a fold.
  • Fold the corners towards the center line.
  • Turn the workpiece over, back side up, and bend the corners toward the center.
  • Fold the top down so that the top corner touches the bottom.
  • Fold half of the resulting angle upward again. This will be the bird's head.
  • Give volume to the figure by bending it in half vertically. Gently align the neck and head using the same folds.
  • Adjust the angle of your neck. You can slightly raise the inside of the wing, giving it additional contours.

The figurine is ready - place it on the table or plate.

Note. Napkin - very soft material. She can't always keep her shape. Working with it requires special subtlety and accuracy. Therefore, it is recommended to practice on plain paper.

Swan created from modules

Modular origami is one of the most painstaking and scrupulous activities. Origami from paper swan diagrams includes many nuances in the process of such creativity. Creating each individual detail can take a lot of time and effort, but the result is worth all the expectations. This model has smooth curves and flexible moving parts, such as the neck. A bird model in this design can be safely demonstrated as a real work of art.

Creation using this technique is only possible for craftsmen who know their craft, however, you can add to their number thanks to further instructions on how to make an origami paper swan using modules.

Note. The modules are strung on top of each other, which makes them hold their shape tightly, however, for greater stability in work, cardboard of different colors will serve.

Manufacturing of main parts

We will need a small blank measuring 7.4 by 5.3 cm (for a large craft). A regular office sheet needs to be divided into 4 equal rectangles (16).

If the size is smaller, the sheet should contain twice as many rectangles. Then the blanks will be 5.3 by 3.7 cm in size.

Creating a structural element:

  • Place the rectangle like a landscape sheet. Fold in half horizontally.

Note. If the paper or cardboard is colored on one side, place it with the back side facing up.

  • Mark the center line by folding the piece of paper vertically and straightening it out again.
  • Fold the sides at the top corners toward the center. Turn it over.
  • Bend the extreme corners of the protruding ends upward. Next, bend the remaining ends to the top.
  • Fold the resulting triangle in half lengthwise.

You have a triangular modular blank. It is very important that each of them have the same amount of bonding to each other to create an even composition. It is also necessary to ensure that the parts fit on top of each other equally, otherwise the figure will be uneven and the parts will stick out.

Small buildable swan

Before creating a large model, you can practice by making a smaller version. Good for beginners. In this option, you will get your hands on the production of parts and their fastening. Follow the instructions “paper swan origami”, which shows step-by-step assembly of a small copy.

Instructions:

  • For the base we will need 3 triangles: we press 2 of them against each other, and we put their corners into the pockets of the 3rd, which is located with the long side down.
  • Take two more. Fasten them to the resulting workpiece in the same way, pressing the sides together, placing the corners in the pockets. In this way, you must attach another 40 parts (20 adjacent corners and 20 fastening them). As a result, you should end up with a circle consisting of 2 rows.
  • Using 20 pieces, create the 3rd row, also putting modules on the corners. Repeat the procedure, creating the 4th, 5th rows using the same quantity.
  • Bend the resulting circle inward. This will give you a stable base.
  • Perform the 6th of 20 elements, pointing them slightly upward.
  • We create wings. To do this, determine a couple of corners where the bird’s neck will be located. Attach the module to them for reference. Move 8 elements away from it in both directions - these are the bases for the wings.
  • Make the rest of the formations, reducing the number of parts on each new one by ONE. As a result, you should have triangular-shaped wings.
  • Making a ponytail. To do this, we attach 3 elements to the base, then, as in the wings, we reduce each subsequent row by 1 element.
  • Modeling the head. To do this, we use 16 elements, which we string on top of each other in the previously marked place on the base. With each new element we gradually “bend” our neck. The last detail should be red - this is the beak of our bird.
  • Adjust the shape of the wings by slightly bending them outward. You can glue small bead eyes onto the bird's head.

Our little bird is ready. The height of such a work is approximately 20 cm, using large parts.

Volumetric swan from 3 parts

Unlike the previous version, this specimen has more lush, expressive parts, such as, for example, double wings. Due to the large number of elements and the sequence of their connection, paper swan origami requires step-by-step adherence to the fastening of the elements.

To make a large copy, you will need 1502 parts, of which 1322 are white and 180 of any other color. The creation process involves 3 separate designs.

This is covered in detail in the following guide.

Instructions:

  • Make a blank of 3 modules, as in the first case.
  • Now create 2 rows of 30 pieces.
  • Add 5 more in the same order. The number of elements in each of them is stored.
  • After creating the 10th, we bend the disk inward, slightly stretching the volume of the future body.
  • We continue to add along a new line, up to the 15th. We gradually create a three-dimensional body.
  • The base is ready. Now we form the neck. To do this, we create a system of 6 modules: we attach the first to the last in a different color, doing the same in the next rows of the neck. We rise, reducing the number by 1 in each subsequent one.
  • Opposite the neck we collect the tail using the same technique. Only now we have in the initial system not 6, but 4 parts.
  • We measure out the wings. Each wing has 10 initial elements.
  • From the 2nd order, we make the first and subsequent elements a different color. In this order, we create the height of the wings at 10 lines.

Note. Make sure that the height of each line is the same. Otherwise, you may end up with asymmetrical wings.

  • After the 10th build, we begin to reduce the quantity in each subsequent one by 1 part. Don't forget to frame the first and last details with color.
  • Carefully bend the wings. In the end, we got the main part.
  • To ensure that the product stands firmly, we create a stand. To do this, use glue to secure the modules at the base of the body. After the 1st amount has dried, apply the 2nd.

2 design:

  • We begin to create the internal part in the same way as the main one, but we now have 20 elements in the set.
  • Step by step we build 7 rows. We try to stretch the body a little.
  • After the 7th we make wings: 10 parts each. The edges of each line are indicated by a different color.
  • After 3 lines, reduce each subsequent one by 1 detail.
  • As a result, we should have inner elongated wings.

3rd design:

  • The technique for creating the base is the same. Now there are 12 parts each.
  • Create a height of 6 modules. Turn the base side down.
  • From the 7th row we attach 6 elements of a different color, use 1 less element, dividing the body into 2 parts.
  • The central part is ready.
  • All that remains is to put all the details together. Carefully fit the inner wings into the main part, widening it slightly. Take your time to avoid damaging the case.
  • Also insert a small insert into the middle part. If possible, secure it with glue.
  • Before creating the neck, it is recommended to coat the initial rows with glue, since this part is very long. To create, you can use 3-4 parts at the base and continue their height in the same quantity, right up to the head. Fix the penultimate corner with black, and the last with red. This will create an edge around the beak.
  • Attach artificial eyes to your head (beads or stickers). Shape the wings and neck. Now our piece is ready!

Conclusion

If desired, the finished version can be decorated with a ribbon at the neck and base, and other decorative elements can be attached to complement the image. Such a bird will be appreciated by your friends. A do-it-yourself paper swan like origami art will serve as a great gift and will perfectly decorate your home interior.

Karina is a regular expert on the PupsFull portal. She writes articles about games, pregnancy, parenting and learning, child care and the health of mother and child.

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